ABSTRACT
Purpose - This study aims to examine the psychological distress experienced by unemployed and furloughed hospitality workers during the COVID-19 crisis and further investigate how this distress affects their career change intentions. Design/methodology/approach - Derived from a sample of 607 unemployed and furloughed hospitality workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, the data for this research are analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings - This study reveals that unemployed and furloughed hospitality workers are financially strained, depressed, socially isolated and panic-stricken due to the pandemic's effects. These effects lead to impaired wellbeing and an increased intention to leave the hospitality industry. Female and younger employees are impacted to a greater extent, while furloughedworkers received fewer impacts compared to their laid-off compatriots. Research limitations/implications - This study suggests that lockdown restrictions need to be implemented more deliberately, and the psychological well-being of the hospitality workforce deserves more immediate and continuing attention. It advises that hospitality businesses consider furloughs over layoffs when workforce reduction measures are necessary to combat the financial crisis. Originality/value - This study adds to the current literature by examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from the employee perspective. New insights are offered on the psychological toll of workforce reduction strategies during the financial fallout and howthese distressing experiences affect career change intention.
ABSTRACT
In Norway, priority for health interventions is assigned on the basis of three official criteria: health benefit, resources, and severity. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have mainly happened through intersectoral public health efforts such as lockdowns, quarantines, information campaigns, social distancing and, more recently, vaccine distribution. The aim of this article is to evaluate potential priority setting criteria for public health interventions. We argue in favour of the following three criteria for public health priority setting: benefit, resources and improving the well-being of the worse off. We argue that benefits and priority to the worse off may reasonably be understood in terms of individual well-being, rather than only health, for public health priority setting. We argue that lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic support our conclusions.
ABSTRACT
Tourism is the most affected industry by the pandemic COVID-19 and will be probably also the last one to recover. International organizations UNWTO, WTTC, and others suppose that domestic tourism will play a significant role in 2020 and after. However, domestic tourism is not a universal solution for all destinations. This work aims to identify groups of countries with different potentials of domestic tourism for survival during and for recovery of tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic and their economic vulnerability. Based on the literature, the factors of tourism development were identified, and the current state of domestic tourism was considered. For the identification of the decisive factors, a correlation analysis is conducted. For cluster analysis, four main types of variables are involved: (1) economic factors (GDP, GDP per capita), (2) non-economic factors (Travel &Tourism Competitiveness Index, domestic tourism history), (3) vulnerability of the economy from the tourism point of view (share of tourism on GDP, share on employment), and (4) tourism receipts and tourism expenditures connected as the tourism balance. Based on the data from 2018 and 2019 from 41 countries, the cluster analysis identified six groups of countries with different potential of domestic tourism to support the survival of the tourism businesses and drive recovery in the post-pandemic period.
ABSTRACT
In 2020, after the first COVID-19 lockdown, several countries implemented a policy of contact tracing and self-isolating for individuals who crossed borders or came into contact with infected people. To enforce these restrictions, some states imposed very harsh monetary penalties for people who violated them. Behind these harsh fines lies an instrumental rationale. They allow the state to avoid implementing a system of labor-intensive and costly surveillance and enforcement. In this article I argue that such severe penalties are extremely unjust. In order not to expose citizens to the risk of being excessively fined, governmental institutions should instead intensify controls. I argue that they owe it to their citizens to increase the surveillance of compliance with self-isolation obligations.
ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 pandemic, online education represented a serious alternative to continuing working life in higher education institutions (HEls). Teachers around the world embraced a new role, adopting and using a wide range of technological and virtual tools to continue performing their activities and with the aim to interact with students and to continue teaching. For this reason, research related to seek and identify factors for the teachers' well-being is essential for educational leaders. Regarding these ideas, this paper aims to test the construct validity of a Mexican version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (MBI-ES) of Maslach et al. (1997), adapted to online education. Participants consisted of 406 Mexican university teachers who emergently switched from traditional to online educational practices during the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak. In order to test the factor structure of three alternative models based on Szigeti et al. (2016), the authors performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2018). Results showed that the model with three domain factors has the best fit. Besides, our findings show that the three-factor structure of the Mexican adaptation of MBI-ES is valid and reliable for the analysis of online education because the loading of all factors was representative.
ABSTRACT
Modeling infectious diseases has been shown to be of great importance and utility during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. From today's globalized information landscape, however, a plethora of new factors arise that have not been covered in previous models. In this paper, we present an agent-based model that reflects the complex interplay between the spread of a pathogen and individual protective behaviors under the influence of media messaging. We use the Rescorla-Wagner model of associative learning for the growth and extinction of fear, a factor that has been proposed as a major contributor in the determination of protective behavior. The model space, as well as heterogeneous social structures among the agents, are created from empirical data. We incorporate factors like age, gender, wealth, and attitudes towards public health institutions. The model is able to reproduce the empirical trends of fear and protective behavior in Germany but struggles to simulate the accurate scale of disease spread. The decline of fear seems to promote a second wave of disease and the model suggests that individual protective behavior has a significant impact on the outcome of the epidemic. The influence of media in the form of messages promoting protective behavior is negligible in the model. Further research regarding factors influencing long-term protective behavior is recommended to improve communication and mitigation strategies.
ABSTRACT
The contemporary history of tourism has been shaken by different types of crises as natural disasters, economic crises, terrorist attacks and pandemics, resulting in economic, political and social implications that impact the tourist destination, the volume and direction of tourist flows. In early 2020, COVID-19 took the world by surprise, causing a worldwide pandemic in just a few months. The dimension of this outbreak coupled to the mobility that characterizes tourism in the Anthropocene, now raises a need for reflection on the arising and control of future pandemics. Several models of crisis management in tourism are presented in the scientific literature, however, all of generalist nature. It is urgent to examine and refine the existing crisis management models, since the models already developed have little specificity in the theme of pandemic crisis management in tourism.
ABSTRACT
The study describes and analyzes the language of war in the media discourse on the subject of coronavirus. The martial rhetoric occupies a special place in discursive research, due to the global extralinguistic situation marked by open and hidden war conflicts. The epistemic paradigm of research is formed under the influence of studies of cognitive linguistics, discursive analysis, and the theory of conceptual metaphors. The scientific method consists of the determination of metaphorical expressions that demonstrate a way of reasoning about multiple issues that are reflected in the media discourse from the war perspective.
ABSTRACT
In a pandemic context fraught with socioeconomic crisis, the field of dentistry has also had challenges in providing its services, since caring for patients implies high risks of infection in dental settings;However, commitments to society have led them to reconfigure their actions, in accordance with the needs of the market. In this framework, the present research aimed to determine the marketing strategies implemented by specialized dental centers in the canton of Ambato (Ecuador), to face the economic crisis generated by COVID-19. For this, strategic marketing was investigated by consulting the positions of Lambin (2009), Kotler and Armstrong (2007) and Munuera and Rodriguez (2012), among others. Methodologically, a type of applieddescriptive research was used, with a field-transectional design. The population was made up of all the specialized dental centers active and with physical infrastructure in the canton of Ambato, the informant agents being the dentists who provide their services in the aforementioned centers. The technique for data collection was the survey, using a structured questionnaire with a Likert scale, its content validated by five (5) marketing experts and reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, which yielded 0.99. The results show a positive trend in the implementation of marketing strategies oriented towards diversification, growth and competitiveness. It is concluded that specialized dental centers develop marketing strategies to face the turbulent environment and to be able to function in competitive terms, according to the dental needs of the local society.
ABSTRACT
Within the tourism industry, rural tourism is an innovative phenomenon that contributes to the revitalization and generation of economic development and social cohesion in many municipalities at risk of demographic involution. Due to the restrictions on mobility and the measures of social distancing that have resulted from the health crisis of COVID-19, it is undoubtedly a sector that has been seriously affected. However, on the other hand, in the context of the health threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, and as long as this threat is perceived, it is foreseeable that in the near future, citizens will opt for rural tourism as the least risky option for their leisure and rest destinations, so that the sector faces new challenges and opportunities arising from this new scenario. In this context, our thesis is that in order to face these new challenges, the sector needs to adopt innovative models of governance, of a collaborative nature and which take into account the specificities of each particular destination. To this end, the autonomy of local governments in the design and implementation of public policies for tourism development that are more appropriate to the place must be strengthened. Therefore, from the analytical framework provided by the concept of local governance, and based on a qualitative study, we will analyse networks created "ad hoc" of public, private and third sector actors as a result of the health emergency. We will deal with the reasons for the creation of networks, their impact on existing ones, their main drivers and leadership, the innovations introduced, and the challenges derived from the coordination and management between public and private actors of the new demands made on the rural tourism sector and its integration with other local national and European development policies (Next Generation EU).
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The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly modified the social-ecological conditions of Spanish rural municipalities, for which the health crisis may represent a significant development opportunity. This work focuses on detecting the main factors responsible for the urban-rural movement of the population of the Madrid Region due to COVID-19 and its social-ecological consequences and on identifying the effect of the pandemic on tourism throughout the urban-rural gradient studied. A survey was designed based on 15 multi-choice questions completed by 55 municipalities in the region. The preference of internal urban-rural migrants and nature-based tourists for places far from the city and with a high degree of naturalness has been identified. Studies similar to this one lay the foundations for future research at different territorial scales and are useful tools to guide early decision-making in the face of unexpected risks with high social-ecological impact.
ABSTRACT
In the context of the health, social and economic emergency generated by COVID-19, proximity tourism is presented as a salvation for the tourism sector, plunged into an unprecedented crisis since the beginning of the pandemic. This circumstance has caused a large increase in visitors to natural spaces, causing overcrowding problems on specific days for which extraordinary measures have been taken to organize and control public use. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the conflicts produced by the growth of tourism in natural spaces and the challenges and contradictions posed by proximity tourism. The case study is the Ebro Delta Natural Park, for which a series of practical visitor flow management measures are proposed that may be useful in the short and long term. Based on a bibliographic review and the pertinent analysis, the conclusion is reached that the stoppage of tourism may represent a turning point and an opportunity to create a more respectful tourism model.
ABSTRACT
The convulsive and tense political-social context that Latin America and the Caribbean have traditionally presented seems that, instead of being minimized, it may be even more so because of the economic impacts that the recent health pandemic that is hitting the world is leaving in the region . COVID 19 hits developing countries the hardest, which were already in a complicated political, economic and social situation, of precariousness and inequality, and which, with this global health crisis, will only get worse. This crisis affects all socioeconomic orders and, how could it be otherwise, this will also be reflected in the tourism sector, which, before the pandemic, was identified by the vast majority of the governments of the region as one of the axes tractors to drive economic development. An industry that was considered key due to its ability to have an impact on all social sectors and mainly due to its growth capacity in the medium term, but which unfortunately was hit squarely by the collateral consequences produced by the health pandemic and that ruined with the vast majority of tourist strategies. The general and main objective of this article is to describe the existing tourist differences in this region, analyze and interpret the effects that COVID-19 has had, reflect on the role that sustainability should have, especially economic and social, and treat to interpret what the future of tourism may be, especially in rural environments, since it is where the incidence of this disaster is most felt, since the conditions of poverty and vulnerability of people are more evident than in urban environments. In this sense, some of the data emerged in this work show harsh, but at the same time hopeful, opinions within the tourism sector that highlight the importance that trends related to new tourism models may have, such as, for example, regenerative tourism. . The development of the work has been carried out through a qualitative methodology, analyzing reports, research and documents prepared by the main international institutions present in the region. One of the conclusions that this study contributes is that the future outlook for the analyzed societies entails taking more hygiene measures for the tourism industry and guaranteeing a perceived security for the visitor greater than in other regions of the world. Two urgent needs of the region's tourism industry to try to be competitive are also revealed in the present work. One is the digitalization and technological modernization of the tourism sector in rural areas, and the other is greater support and institutional and governmental involvement that serve as the backbone for businessmen, entrepreneurs and cooperative members.
ABSTRACT
The present work seeks to analyze the publications made in 2021, indexed in the Science-direct database, about online higher education, during the COVID-19 pandemic, verifying the emerging challenges. A systematic review combined with the PRISMA method is used. At first, 2909 scientific articles were identified. Based on the eligibility criteria, 5 review articles were selected. These were treated in the NVivo program and, from the SQUIRE 2.0 quality scale, 4 were chosen for the systematic review. It is possible to infer that in 2021, the review studies on online higher education, in the area of social sciences, indicate that the challenges are more concentrated in the orbit of the faculty, however, the factors that revolve around the student body well as those relating to information technology should also be considered.
ABSTRACT
Customer loyalty according to maitres in the restaurant sector is analysed from a sociological perspective;considering individual, social and environmental variables, including the Covid-19 pandemic. Sixty-eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of maitres from restaurants in Zaragoza (Spain). After the analysis, the determinants of loyalty are identified, discovering that the experience is marked by a global perception (dinescape) that will prescribe the future behaviour of the diner and/or gastronomic tourist.
ABSTRACT
When the spread of COVID-19 globally, it would be possible to affirm that tourism is in an authentic situation of life-support machine. Governments around the world are pouring money into the sector in anticipation of a speedy recovery. This is also the desire on the part of a business sector that hopes to return, as soon as possible, to the buoyant pre-pandemic situation. However, there are numerous voices, mostly from the academic sphere and social movements, which warn that the occasion is not being used to modify some of the old patterns that dragged tourism production. With the intention of taking advantage of old teachings, this article focuses on the role that social movements and the ideology of degrowth have played in protest actions against touristification in Spain in recent years. Although, these types of episodes have been frequent in cities such as Madrid, Palma de Mallorca, Bilbao, Seville and Valencia, without any doubt those that have had the greatest diffusion and influence have been carried out in Barcelona. Platforms such as the Assemblea de Barns per un Turisme Sostenible (ABTS), an organization formed by grassroots movements, associations and other entities have stood out in their performance. Since its constitution in 2015, the ABTS has been at the forefront whenever it has tried to demand a reduction in the flow of tourists to the Catalan capital and a reversal of the social, economic, cultural and environmental effects indicated as harmful and generated by mass tourism. The research hypothesis raises that the dominant discourse, by emphasizing the contribution that tourism has made to Spanish economic and political development, provides a positive framework for the industry that contrasts sharply with the concerns about its harmful effects expressed by its opponents, the degrowth movements. The interpretation of such a proposal will be developed through the use of the Analysis of Political Discourse (ADP), as well as the treatments of Louis Althusser on the concept of ideology, and the interpellation and work on tourism degrowth developed by various authors. Finally, the text shows what happens when these interpellation attempts fail, as has happened so spectacularly in the case of Barcelona.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic forced the tourism sector to stop a global machine that moved 1.46 billion international travellers during 2019 and generated 1.7 trillion dollars in exports. Tourism, which had become a lifeline for many economies hit by the 2008 previous economic crisis, has suffered especially the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, but at the same time it has become a field of social innovation in which adaptation phenomena have been studied synchronously. These changes will probably change permanently the ways in which we practice and interact, at different levels, with tourism. This article serves at the same time as a presentation of the monographic "Post-COVID-19 Tourism from the Social Sciences" that Barataria has facilitated us to coordinate and as a theoretical reflection on how the pandemic has impacted tourism as a total social fact. The general agreement, in the contributions to this number, of certain conclusions is a good indicator of its reliability and relevance.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of the scenario for tourism after the inexorable outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus around the world. The examination is carried out from a critical epistemology, to address the paradoxes inherent to tourism as a social construct and propositional before the ubiquitous invocation of a transformation considered urgent and inescapable. However, the question is whether the necessary prerequisites are in place for this transformation to materialize. The latent risk of a global pandemic had been hinted at on several occasions until it finally crystallized from the first quarter of 2020, spreading progressively and resulting in an unusual scenario of quasi-apocalyptic planetary dimensions. Tourism has shown, once again, its vulnerability as a system subject to multiple internal and external contingencies. The COVID-19 pandemic has been the sudden trigger for an implosion that reveals the tourist phenomenon as an idol with feet of clay. It has shown us with hyperrealistic fidelity that "tourism", even supported by a powerful multisectoral and globalized industry, lacks reagents and gears to face similar attacks. This leads us to conclude the need to rethink the current tourism model, eliminating its contradictions, and formulate a new post-pandemic paradigm that provides it with greater coherence. Likewise, it is necessary to rework and reorient the different narratives so that they converge in a discourse that is distinguished by its performative stamp. For this catharsis to occur, the industry will have to ask itself whether it is willing to rigorously follow sustainability guidelines to avoid, or at least reduce the consequences of future crises. Also society, and each one of us, as potential tourists, will have to ask ourselves what we have learned and how we will contribute to the regeneration of tourism.
ABSTRACT
Massive sun and beach tourism has shown a clear trend towards outsourcing and deterioration of economic diversity. This economic specialization can lead to an excessive dependence on tourist activity, highly exposed to unforeseen phenomena. The context of the Canary Islands can be considered a paradigmatic case in this sense, having suffered devastating consequences from the COVID-19 crisis. The absorption of the primary sector by tourism has affected its adaptive capacity, worsening the socio-environmental impacts of the pandemic. Among the strategies that can contribute to rethinking the current model, this work proposes the implementation of a product that articulates traditional fishing with tourism in Tenerife. The recent Canary Islands Fisheries Law may become an opportunity to expand the levels of resilience of the destination through economic diversification and the empowerment and revitalization of fishermen.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed businesses, causing a global economic crisis. In this paper, the support that the Mexican government intends to give to companies that fell into crisis is analyzed. The problem lies in a lack of knowledge of these companies: those that were in crisis before the epidemic and those that went into crisis because of it. To avoid economic and social losses, an asymmetric game is presented, the results show a mechanism to incorporate signals and improve uncertainty. The analysis deduces a threshold that determines a percentage of companies to support, showing that it is optimal to support 46% of the approximately 4 million MSMEs that exist in Mexico. The scarce official information limits the results, in addition to the fact that the model only shows a resource allocation mechanism and not an equilibrium, since the company player only emits an exogenous signal.